The Justification of Intellectual Property Rights - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1554 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? Most of the recent theoretical writing, justifying intellectual property rights consists of struggles among and within four approaches. These theories are commonly referred as labor, utilitarian, personality and social planning theory. The labor theory that currently dominate the theoretical literature springs from the propositions that a person who labors upon resources that are either unowned or à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“held in commonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  has a natural property right to the fruits of his efforts and that the state has a duty to respect and enforce that natural right. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Justification of Intellectual Property Rights" essay for you Create order These ideas, originating in the writings of John Locke, are widely thought to be especially applicable to the field of intellectual property, where the pertinent raw materials (facts and concepts) do seem in some sense to be à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“held in commonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  and where labor seems to contribute so importantly to the value of finished products.[1] The intuition is that the person who clears unowned land, cultivates crops, builds a house, or creates a new invention obtains property rights by engaging in these activities. The labor justification is mostly held in Europe and is included in the Berne Convention. In France it is specifically encoded in the so called droits moraux, or moral rights, that French authors have in addition to economic rights. The moral rights involve things such as the right to decide whether something is to be published, the right to withdraw it from the market, and the right of attribution. They cannot be sold by the author, and are perpetual. Th e interests that the labor justification centers on mostly are those of authors and publishers. This theory grounded on two basic propositions. According to the first proposition, the preservation of mankind is a fundamental law ofnature; it is Godà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s will. From this, it is infers that man has a natural obligation to ensure his preservation[2]. This implies that man has a natural right to his preservation and to the means necessary for his preservation (e.g., meat and drink).[3] The second proposition is that God gave the earth à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“to mankind in common.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [4] However, for man to enjoy the fruits of the earth, for those fruits to be at all beneficial to any particular man, there must to be a wayto appropriatethese fruits so that others can no longer claim them.[5] Locke the devotee of this philosophy, asserts that everyone has a property right over his own person and hence also over the labor of his body and the work of his hands.[6 ] This brings him to his famous explanation of the origin of property rights: the appropriation of a thing occurs by man applying his laborto it, by mixingthe thing with his labor. By means of his labor he adds something of his own to the thing and this way he excludes others from having a right to it. For such acquisition of property, the consent of the other à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“commonersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  is not required, Locke maintains.[7] Appropriation can never amount to robbery of others because everyone has the right to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“his shareà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  and no more than that. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“His shareà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  corresponds with what he can use. The consent of others could only be required if the rights or liberties of others are being violated and this cannot be the case if no one appropriates more than à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“his share.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [8] However, Locke specifies two provisos that must be met in order for the appropriation to be justifiable. The first condition is the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“enough and as goodà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  condition: there must be à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“enough, and as good left in common for others.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [9] Thus, things may only be appropriated if, afterwards, a sufficient number of the same or similar things remain (similar also in terms ofquality the remainder must be just as good). The second condition is the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"non-wasteà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ condition. Man is not allowed to appropriate more than he can use (even if he made the things in question himself).[10] Alternative interpretation of Lockes labor justification can be called the labor-desert or value-added theory. This position holds that when labor produces something of value to others, something beyond what morality requires the laborer to produce then the laborer deserves some benefit for it.[11] This understanding of property does not require an analysis of the idea of labor. Labor is not necessarily a process that produces value to others . It is counterintuitive to say labor exists only when others value the thing produced. It also would be counter to Lockes example of the individual laboring and appropriating goods for himself alone. The labor-desert theory asserts that labor often creates social value, and it is this production of social value that deserves reward, not the labor that produced it. On the other hand the problem with labor theory is: if one accepts that mixing labor with something occasions the coming into existence of a property right, the question remains as to the boundaries of that property right. How can one decide what exactly has become the property of the person who performed the labor? This question can also be put in terms ofthe valueof the result. A distinction should be made between the value attributed to the object of the labor and the value attributed to the labor itself (in other words, the addedvalue). Determining the proportionality of each of these values in respect of the total value of the object to which labor has been applied would seem to be very difficult.This weakens the justificatory strength of the labor theory of property. Another problem is that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"intellectual objectsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ usually stem from ideas of predecessors. The labor of these predecessors also forms a component in the total value of the final result a component whose valuevaries case by case. This has important implications for the question who is entitled to the value of the final result. As Edwin Hettinger explains: A person who relies on human intellectual history and makes a small modification to produce something of great value should no more receive what the market will bear than should the last person needed to lift a car receive full credit for lifting it. If laboring gives the laborer the right to receive the market value of the resulting product, this market value should be shared by all those whose ideas contributed to the origin of the product . The fact that most of these contributors are no longer present to receive their fair share is not a reason to give the entire market value to the last contributor.[12] The question also arises as to whether Lockeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s two provisos apply in the context of intellectual, abstract, intangible objects (as opposed to tangible objects). As for the second proviso, man may only appropriate as much property as he can use, the question arises, e.g., whether waste can occur in the case of ideas. It seems unlikely that an idea as such could be à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"wasted,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ but the possibilities offered by an idea can be. If someone acquires an intellectual property right on an idea and does nothing with it, the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"non-wasteà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ provision would seem to be violated. If something is left unused by the appropriator, while others need it, the waste is all the greater. For example, taking into consideration the patent system (intellectual prop erty right). One aspect of this system that can certainly induce waste is that, in its present form, it does not oblige patent holders to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"workà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (exploit) their invention. The history of the patent system shows that this has not always been the case in industrialized countries, and in most developing countries, a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"working requirementà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ for patented inventions has existed until recently (or continues to exist).Even if a patent is exploited, waste can occur. For the result of granting a patent is that the patentee can put restrictions on the use of the invention. Since a characteristic feature of the objects of intellectual property rights is their so-called à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"non-exclusiveà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ nature (the fact that they can be used by many people simultaneously), limiting their use artificially can indeed amount to waste. The extent of the waste would seem to depend on the extent to which others need the invent ion in question. In short, one can justify propertizing ideas under Lockes approach with three propositions: first, that the production of ideas requires a persons labor; second, that these ideas are appropriated from a common which is not significantly devalued by the ideas removal; and third, that ideas can be made property without breaching the non-waste condition. Many people implicitly accept these propositions. Indeed, the Lockean explanation of intellectual property has immediate, intuitive appeal: it seems as though people do work to produce ideas and that the value of these ideas especially since there is no physical component depends solely upon the individuals mental à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“work. Bibliography. Becker, The Moral Basis of Property Rights Hughes J, The Philosophy of Intellectual Property (Georgetown Law Journal 1988) Guardian. Available [Online] at: https://www.law.harvard.edu/faculty/tfisher/iptheory.html#_ftn5 [Accessed: 1/11/2014]. Hettinger C, Jus tifying Intellectual Property Locke, II, V, 25, 26, 27, 28, 31,36,37,38, 46 [1] , Justin Hughes, The Philosophy of Intellectual Property, Georgetown Law Journal, 77 (1988): 287, at 299-330 [2] Locke, II, V, 25. [3] Ibid. [4] Ibid. [5] Locke, II, V, 26 [6] Locke, II, V, 27 [7] Locke, II, V, 28. [8] Locke, II, V, 36 and II, V, 46 [9] Locke, II, V, 27 [10] Locke, II, V, 31. See also Locke, II, V, 37 and II, V, 38 [11] Becker, The Moral Basis of Property Rights, IN PROPERTY, NOMOS XXII, supra note 4, at 187, 193. [12] Erwin C. Hettinger, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Justifying Intellectual Property,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Philosophy Public Affairs 18 (1989)1: 38.

Was Marcus Garvey The Most Significant African American...

To what extent was Marcus Garvey the most significant African American civil rights leader in the period 1865-1945? The period between 1865 and 1945 saw some of the most dramatic social, political and economic changes in America. The key issue of black civil rights throughout this period was advocated and led by a range of significant, emotive and inspiring leaders. Marcus Garvey was a formidable public speaker and is often named as the most popular black nationalist leader of the early twentieth century. He believed in pan-Africanism and came nearer than any other black leader in mobilising African American masses. He was hailed as a redeemer and a â€Å"Black Moses† who tried to lead ‘his people back to freedom’. However, arguably although†¦show more content†¦In many ways it could be argued that Marcus Garvey was the most significant African American civil rights leader of this time because of his role in tackling the social issues African American’s faced. He aimed to improve the lives of African Americans by encouraging them to take control of their own aff airs and education. His role surrounding this issue is illustrated by his founding of the UNIA. This Universal Negro Improvement Association was an organisation dedicated to racial pride, economic self sufficiency and the formation of an independent black nation in Africa. Through this and the magazine the ‘Negro World’ he urged African Americans to be proud of their race, and argued â€Å"a people without the knowledge of their past history, origin and culture is like a tree without roots†. It has been said that through Garvey’s dedication to social improvement for his race he managed to capture the imagination of many blacks for whom the American Dream was a dirty joke. Although Garvey is heralded as such as strong figure in the improvement of social issues in this period, many other activists took different approaches. For example Washington was an important figure who believed the best interests of African Americans could be realised through education in the crafts and industrial skills. To implement this he founded the Tuskegee school, which had over 100

Therapeutic Boundaries in Relation To Transfrence - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theTherapeutic Boundaries in Relation To Transfrence. Answer: Counseling within the mental health service requires maintenance of therapeutic boundaries between the client and the therapist. Therapeutic boundaries are the expected psychological and social distance between the therapist and the client(Gutheil Gabbard, 2013). It involves issues such as the therapists self-disclosure, involvement with the client outside the office, the length of sessions, touch and exchanging gifts. Transference and countertransference are concepts that come up during therapy and it is necessary to maintain healthy boundaries when they arise. Sigmund Freud described countertransference as an unconscious phenomenon whereby the therapists emotions are influenced by a client and causes the therapist to react in a certain way(Kring, et al., 2013). On the other hand, transference refers to a phenomenon whereby the client transfers their feelings about a significant person in theirlives to the therapist. These feelings are usually manifested in many forms such as hatre d, mistrust, rage and extreme dependence on the therapist. This paper will focus on exploring the therapeutic boundaries needed when counselling within the mental health service in relation to the concepts of transference and countertransference. One of therapeutic boundaries involves the therapists self-disclosure. Therapists have the choice to share their own feelings and experiences with their clients but with some moderation.Excessive self-disclosure may lead the therapist to spend a lot of time focusing on their feelings and experiences and deny the client the chance to have their issues handled(Derlaga Berg, 2013). Excessive disclosure on the therapists side may also blur their ability to recognize the presence of countertransference and generally interfere with the therapeutic process since it will be based on the therapists feelings and not the clients. However, when therapists establish healthy boundaries in regards to self-disclosure, they are able to share their own experiences with their clients and they may use countertransference consciously to understand the differences between their experiences and those of their clients in order to ensure the therapeutic process is objective(Henretty, et al., 2014). Moderate self-disclosure can enable the therapist to identify the countertransference and help the client in understanding their issues better and it also makes therapists more empathetic since they understand the clients situation (Henretty, et al., 2014). The therapists are also able to recognize transference in the client when they give more time for the client to talk about their feelings and experiences (Brown 2017). It is important to recognize whenever any unconscious countertransference occurs by having healthy boundaries set when it comes to self-disclosure (Butcher, Minieka and Hooley 2013). Involvement with the client outside the office is another therapeutic boundary that is important within the mental health service. The relationship between a client and a therapist is supposed to be strictly within the counselling environment. One of the common ways in which transference and countertransference is usually manifested is through an erotic attraction between the therapist and the client(Fuertes Cheng, 2013). The client may want to initiate dates and extra meetings outside the therapeutic timeline in order to fulfill the feelings that result from the transference. It is important for the therapists to recognize the transference in their patients so that they can be aware of the motives their clients might have and even how the clients might be eliciting a countertransference in them. By limiting the involvement with clients outside the office, the therapist is able to avoid other ethical problems such as dual relationships and romantic relationships with their clients. In addition, they avoid encouraging the clients to dwell on the feelings that result from transference such as erotic attractions and instead focus on issues that will promote the wellbeingof the client. Extreme dependence of the client on the therapist can also be as a result of transference. For example, a client who experiences social isolation may make the therapist the central part of their social life, such a client might want to constantly interact with the therapist outside the office as a way to fulfill their social wellbeing. It is important for the therapist to establish their stand on maintaining a professional relationship within the counselling environment and avoid giving the client any indications contrary to this(Corey, 2015). Countertransference may also lead the therapist to be over involved in the clients situation. Once the client has shared their problem with the therapist, the therapist might remember a similar occasion that occurred in their lives and it may trigger outrage in them. For example, when the client is a rape victim and the therapist also had a similar incident happen to them or someone close to them it brings back the negative feelings that result ed from that incident and it may provoke the therapist to be either under or overinvolved with the client. Because of this, they may want to make an extra effort beyond the therapeutic counselling process to try and help their clients. This constitutes involvement with the client outside the counselling set up that may eventually compromise the outcome of the therapeutic process. In a case where the therapists considers it necessary to intervene in the patients situation, they have to clearly explain to the client their reasons for intervening to avoid misinterpretations that may arise (Pope Vaquez, 2016).Maintaining a therapeutic boundary that prevents involvement outside the therapeutic relationship can help the therapist in dealing with issues arising from transference and countertransference henceensuring the credibility of the mental health service. However, there are some unique circumstances that may necessitate an interaction with the client outside the counselling session. For example, when the client suddenly falls ill and the therapist goes to visit him at the hospital to help him deal with the vulnerability of the situation. In such a situation, the therapist has to explain to the client the significance of the visit in the context of their therapeutic relationship to avoid misinterpretation (Brown 2017). Touch and exchange of gifts between the client and the therapist are also issues that come into consideration when discussing therapeutic boundaries. These two concepts are usuallyinvolved when individuals have a nonprofessional relationship and therefore, it becomes unethical when the relationship between the client and the therapists comprises of exchanging gifts and intimate touching(Zur, 2015). It may also trigger a romantic relationship which is against the code of ethics for counsellors. In reference to transference and counter transference, touch and exchange of gifts might elevate the feelings of attraction that occurs between the client and the therapist. It will affect the therapeutic relationship since the gestures might be misinterpreted by both parties as an initiation of a relationship or a response to their romantic feelings. For example, a client who once had a loved one who constantly showered them with gifts and reassured them with intimate touching might misinterpr et a simple gesture of comfort as a show of affection because of transferring the feelings they got from their loved one to the therapist. A therapist may also experience countertransference when they receive a gift from aclient since it might trigger certain memories related to receiving gifts from someone else in their lives. Crossing this boundary interferes with the objectivity of the therapeutic process since it compromises the professional relationship between the client and the therapist (Beck, Freeman and Davis 2015). Sexual relationship between the therapist and the client should be avoided. Sexual misconduct usually results from other subsequent boundary violations, such a s exchanging gifts and meeting outside the counseling set up (Butler, Chapman, Forman 2016). Due to transference, a client may develop intimate feelings for the therapists and make moves towards achieving a sexual relationship with them. They may do this by initiating dates and offering gifts and favors in exchange for the services offered by the therapist. It is important for the therapist to recognize the presence of any transference in the therapeutic relationship with the client and help the client in acknowledging and understanding those feelings(Paul, 2015). Failing to recognize and address these feelings may eventually result in a sexual relationship with the client which ruins the professional relationship. The therapists might also see a resemblance in physical appearance or mannerisms of a client that triggers memori es of a former or current sexual partner (Henretty, et al., 2014). This may result in them thinking of the client in a sexual way. The therapists has to recognize that the feelings are not directly related to their clients but instead they are a representation of someone else. By doing this, they can be able to avoid getting into a sexual relationship with the client and disrupting the therapeutic relationship. It will also prevent further problems related to code of ethics (Henretty, et al., 2014). Therapeutic boundaries also need to be established when it comes to the length of sessions between the client and the therapist. A therapist should give each client an equal session and avoid giving preference to particular clients (Henretty, et al., 2014). The length of the session will limit the therapist from going beyond the scope of their session and instead focusing on the important aspects of the session. For example, when countertransference occurs, a therapist is more likely to talk about their experiences and feelings. This gives the client less time to have their issues addressed. When there is an allocated length of time for a particular session, the therapists can organize themselves better to ensure the client is given more time to talk about their issues. Once the therapist recognizes the presence of countertransference when engaging with a particular client, they may then organize the time they have to ensure they focus on the relevant information and avoid deviating to less important information(Sharpless Barber, 2015).Transference in counselling might occur when a client views the therapist as one of their close friend or a family member. Maybe the individual had a family member who never used to listen to them and they may take the therapist as being that close family member (Henretty, et al., 2014). They may want to talk with the therapists for longer periods and they may feel frustrated when the therapist allocates only a few minutes to them since they generalize that everyone does not like to listen to them. Before the first session begins it is important to clarify with the client the length of the sessions you will be having with them so that there is no misinterpretation on the length of time allocated to them (Henretty, et al., 2014). In therapy Transference is the transferal of patients feelings from a significant person to the therapist while counter transference is noted as the rerouting of the therapist emotional state towards the client (Henretty, et al., 2014). Therefore it is important that therapeutic boundaries are in place so that a beneficial relationship that takes place is not violated and at the same time the client is able to get the treatment he or she needs in the most professional way possible this article explores this boundaries within a mental service environment. Boundaries are important in any client patient relation, and can be violated within these different parameters which are Power, Trust, Respect and personal closeness (Brown 2017). In this case, in reference to power the client sees the therapist as all powerful, and it is because of this that the client comes to the therapist for guidance or help (Beck, Freeman and Davis 2015). It is therefore very easy for the therapist to violate this power, and infringe on the patients rights for instance, the Therapist changing the time set for therapy without liaising with the patient or forcing the patient to attend therapy would show abuse of power. In reference to counter transference the therapist might want to use the power he has to ask a victim who was maybe sexually abused by a former therapist into not reporting the incidence or even go further into making the patient believe that incident never happened (Drum and Littleton 2014). In addition, trust and respect between the patient and therapist come in handy, and are essential this is because the Clients have confidence that the therapist knows what he is doing and has the skills, and aptitudes to give the best care possible. The therapist should ensure that the client can trust him and thus confidently share whatever issues that the client might have help (Beck, Freeman and Davis 2015). In regards to Respect, Therapist is accountable in regards to a client this irrespective of color of the skin, faith, age, or health status (Khalikova 2016). Last but not least Personal closeness is also a boundary that needs to be addressed therapist that are inclined to psychoanalysis are probably not likely to touch their patients this is because their hypothetical model expect that physical contact may satisfy transference unrealities that should be comprehended, and not carried out. Some therapists affected by this school of thought are more disposed to embrace routinely toward the finish of sessions help (Beck, Freeman and Davis 2015). Personal space is important in mental health this is because some of these patients are violent and some may not want to be touched or any slight provocation would result in the client withdrawing from therapy (Khalikova 2016). Therefore, when boundaries in therapy are crossed and above parameters are upheld it is noted not to be harmful to the patient or the therapist, and is sometimes allowed in therapy but it is wise to note that in the mental health it is not advisable to cross any boundary as thi s might be detrimental, and when boundaries are violated the infringe on the patients rights, and this might also become harmful not only to the patient but also to the therapist (Geller and Srikameswaran 2015). In conclusion, a mental healthcare provider should maintain high therapeutic relationship. Therapeutic boundaries are the probable social and physical distance between the therapist and the client; this involves issues such as the therapists self-disclosure, involvement with the client outside the office, the length of sessions, touch and exchanging gifts. In this case, transference refers to an occurrence whereby the client transfers their feelings about their personal their lives to the therapist. Such feelings are usually manifested in many forms such as h mistrust, hatred rage and high dependence on the therapist. Therefore, it is important for the therapist to identify and deal with transference and countertransference that occurs during therapy by putting in place firm boundaries. The therapist should give the client a secure environment to express their feelings including the uncomfortable ones. By understanding the therapists own countertransference, he is able to manage the outcomes to ensure it does not jeopardize the wellbeing of the clients. It also provides an opportunity for the therapist to be more empathetic since they can relate to the clients experiences. The therapists ability to understand the clients transference can be a great tool in treatment since it indicates the source of the problem and the therapists can establish the proper way to help the client. The therapeutic boundaries enable us to deal with transference and countertransference in more appropriate ways to avoid harming clients. References List Corey, G., 2015. Theory and practice of counselling and psychotherapy. s.l.:Nelson Education 2(3) 56- 78. Derlaga, V. J. Berg, J. H., 2013. Self-disclosure: Theory reasearch, and therapy. s.l.:Springer Science Business Media. Beck, A. T., Freeman, A. and Davis, D. D. 2015. Cognitive therapy of mental disorders. Guilford Publications. Butcher, J.N., Minieka, S. and Hooley, J.M., 2013. Abnormal psychology. Pearson Education. 1(5) pp45- 67 Brown, G., 2017. Professional and therapeutic boundaries in forensic mental health practice. Psychotherapy, 50(4), p. 505. Butler, A. C., Chapman, J. E., Forman, E.M. and Beck, A. T., 2016. The empirical status of group work therapy: a review of meta-analysis. Clinical psychology review, 26(1), pp.17-31. Fuertes, J. N. Cheng, D., 2013. Real realtionnship, working alliance, transference/countertransference and outcome in limited counsellingand psychotherapy. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 26(4), pp. 294-312. Gutheil, T. G. Gabbard, G., 2013. Misuses and misunderstandings of boundary theory in clinical and regulatory settings. American Journal of Pychiatry, 3(155), pp. 409-414. Garety, P. A., Kuipers, E., Fowler, D., Freeman, D., Bebbington, P. E. 2014. The efficacy of group therapy at the inpatient and community mental health level. Psychological medicine, 31(2), pp. 189-195. Geller, J. and Srikameswaran, S., 2015. What effective therapies have in common.Advances in Eating Disorders: Theory, Research and Practice,3(2), pp.191-197. Henretty, J. R., Currier, J. M., Berman, J. S. Levitt, H. M., 2014. The impact of Counselor self disclosure on clients: A meta-analytic review of experimental and quasi experimental research, s.l.: s.n. Kring, A. M., Johnson, S. L. Neale, J. M., 2013. Abnormal psychology. New Jersey: John Wiley Sons. Norcoss, J. C., Zimmerman, B.E., Greenberg, R. P. and Swift, J. K., 2017. Do all therapists do that when saying goodbye? A study of commonalities in termination behaviors. Psychotherapy, 54(1), p.66. Norman, R. E., Gibb, M., Dyer Edwards, H. 2016. Effectiveness of group work in mental health. International psychiatry journal, 13(3), pp. 303-316. Nystul, M. S., 2015. Introduction to counselling: An art and science perspective. SAGE Publications. 4(31) 567- 678 Paul, C., 2015. Sexual misconduct by Psychiatrists and Psychotherapists.. European Psychiatry, Issue 30, p. 158. Pope, K. S. Vaquez, M. J., 2016. Ethics in psychotherapy and counselling: A practical guide. s.l.:John Wiley Sons. Olivera, J., Braun, M., Gomez Penedo, J.M. and Roussos, A., 2013. A qualitative investigation of former clients perception of change, reasons for consultation, therapeutic relationship and termination. Psychotherapy, 50(4), p. 505. Sharpless, B. A. Barber, J. P., 2015. Transference/ Countertransference.. The Encyclopedia of Clinical Psychology. Zur, O., 2015. Therapeutic boundaries and dual realtionships in psychotherapy and counselling.

Magnesium oxide Essay Example

Magnesium oxide Paper I cant have only 1 point connecting to zero to make a line of best fit because it would not be a very reliable line. Analysis The type of graph I have is as straight line in a positive correlation. The results are directly proportional which means as the mass of magnesium goes up, the mass of magnesium oxide goes up. The ratio is a constant ratio would always stay the same as long as the magnesium ribbon gets a constant supply of the same amount of oxygen every time throughout the whole experiment. This is because there are more magnesium atoms for oxygen to join with. The formula for working out the slope is: My equation was: This shows that the magnesium oxide which I have produces is Mg3O2 because 1. 44 (gradient of Mg3O2) is the closest match to my gradient, 1. 5. You cant use anything like half an atom so magnesium would lose 2 electrons and give them to oxygen and because they would become ions the structure of the molecule would be an ionic bond in a giant lattice. I used the points 0. 00 because it would be the easiest to deal with. We will write a custom essay sample on Magnesium oxide specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Magnesium oxide specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Magnesium oxide specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The gradient links directly to the increase in product because it shows a positive correlation continuously. Evaluation The things that prevented or could have prevented our results from being reliable and accurate are these: * Lifting the Lid from the crucible How this affected our results is that while lifting the lid some smoke would be released into the air and that smoke is magnesium oxide and because there is magnesium oxide being released into the air that means there would be a reduction in mass which also means that we would get the wrong result for a particular length. Why we had to lift the lid was so that we could check if the reaction stopped and to let oxygen in so that the reaction could continue well. How I could make sure that this does not happen is by tilting the lid enough so that I can see if the reaction has finished and I would only tilt it for a second so that very, very little smoke get released. * Layer of Magnesium Oxide on the crucible The effect if this is that it would increase the mass of magnesium oxide we record because there is extra magnesium oxide that was not cleaned off. This would cause our results to be unreliable because it would almost be like we have made a product without anything is apparently (according to scientists) impossible. How I could prevent this from happening is by making sure that I clean the crucible so that any if any magnesium oxide was left in the crucible it would be removed. Or we could just use a new crucible. * Other formulas for magnesium oxide There uncountable numbers of possible formulas, so out of all the possible formulas there are there is a low chance that the formula that my data shows it could be may not be it, so this makes my conclusion unreliable. How we could improve our accuracy for this is by taking more records of other formulas and their gradients. * Unstable balance This would have an impact on my results accuracy and reliability because the balance kept on changing due to vibration from tables being hit and by wobbling the table which cause the balance to be unstable for quite some time. Why this is affecting our results is because we cannot be sure if the readings we have recorded are reliable because we recorded them while the balance was unstable. A way in which we could avoid this from having an effect on our results could be by isolating the room during the time we take in the results so that there would be minimal vibrations travelling through the table and floor. * Distance between the crucible and the flame from the Bunsen burner How this can alter my results accuracy is by creating less magnesium oxide because if the distance between the two are to long then there would be less heat reaching the crucible but this would only impact our results if the distance between the two was different each time because for each tests the impact of the affect would be the same. Cutting magnesium ribbons in right lengths inaccurately This would affect my reliability by giving me incorrect readings for each mass because when recording the mass I would be recording a result which would be completely of scale if the lengths were cut very accurately. How I could prevent this from happening is by using a ruler, stretching out the ribbon and cutting the ribbon with appropriate and accurate equipment e. g. scissors. E=MC2 This comes into effect in my experiment because before measuring the crucible we needed to wait for the crucible to cool down otherwise the heat would cause an increase in mass. So we would wait for the crucible to cool down before weighing it as energy is mass and mass is energy regardless of form of energy according to the theory behind E=MC2. If I dont wait for the crucible to cool down then my result would appear that the magnesium oxide as been formed from a higher mass of magnesium. Not just oxygen reacting with oxygen In the atmosphere there is not only oxygen, oxygen is only 21% of the atmosphere, 78% is nitrogen so what would also be made is magnesium nitrate. This would mean that some of my results could be unreliable because I dont know exactly how much nitrogen oxide has really been made in there is also nitrogen attached to magnesium. What I would do is remove the nitrogen by adding water. This would then create magnesium hydroxide and what I would do to change it to magnesium oxide is by heating it. I would not say that my results are very reliable because of the formula that I have create was Mg3O2 but logically it should be MgO because the correct ratio would 24:16 in mass terms and in the terms of the number of atoms from each element joining up against each other should be 1:1 and this is only because magnesium would lose 2 electrons to get a full shell and the oxygen would gain 2 electrons to get a full shell to make an ionic bond in a giant lattice. Another reason why I would say that my results are quite unreliable is because there were a lot of problems which caused the test to be quite unfair which was the lack of oxygen so what we did was we lifted the lid several times to get some oxygen in, but by doing that it lets some magnesium oxide out which would cause an accidental decrease in mass. But when looking at my graph and ignoring the gradient being 1.5 all my points on the graph are either or very close to the line of best fit and the average points dont scatter and the error bars are mainly small which indicates that my results are accurate, theyre just not very reliable because I did not get the formula MgO. I am confident that my results are accurate but Im not confident enough to believe that my results are reliable because when looking at the logical ratio it should be 24:16 but mine is 72:32 in atomic mass terms. Which does not really make much sense because naturally an atom would want a full shell but in this case only 4 out 5 atoms in the molecule are getting full shells, so I would believe that my results are very unreliable and when looking at what possible formulas there are, there really are loads which means that the formula which I have is very unlikely to be true, in fact many different formulas could have been made during just one test for one length. The method which I have used was quite accurate because of the equipment which we have used. One very accurate equipment which I used was the digital balance (0. 01g) and that was very accurate because it was able to measure the small changes in mass. The Bunsen burner was also good to use because it gave a constant supply of heat at roughly the same temperature throughout the experiment. The pipe-clay triangle made your results accurate because it made sure that the crucible was placed securely on the tripod and it also made sure no heat was blocked for the crucible. A method such as waiting for there to be no change in mass was an accurate method because it was easy to see if there was no change in mass. Overall, my whole experiment is not very reliable my results are very accurate, according to my graph. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Patterns of Behaviour section.

Plane Crash Essays - Boeing 747, Boeing 747-8, Fatigue, Stall

Plane Crash Essays - Boeing 747, Boeing 747-8, Fatigue, Stall Plane Crash Instructor: Greg Alston Abstract This paper examines the in-flight separation of the number two pylon and engine from a Boeing 747-121 shortly after takeoff from the Anchorage International Airport on March 31, 1993. The safety issues discussed focus on the inspection of Boeing 747 engine pylons, meteorological hazards to aircraft, the lateral load-carrying capability of engine pylon structures, and aircraft departure routes at Anchorage International Airport during turbulent weather conditions. Shortly after noon on March 31, 1993 the number two engine and pylon separated from Japan Airlines Inc. flight 46E shortly after departure from the Anchorage International Airport. The aircraft, a Boeing 747-121, had been leased from Evergreen International Airlines Inc. The flight was a scheduled cargo flight from Anchorage to Chicago-O'Hare International Airport. On board the airplane was the flight crew and two nonrevenue company employees. The airplane was substantialy damaged during the separation of the engine but no one on board the airplane or on the ground was injured. Flight 46E departed Anchorage about 1224 local time. The flight release and weather package provided to the pilots by Evergreen operations contained a forecast for severe turbulence. As fight 46E taxied onto the runway to await its takeoff clearance, the local controller informed the flight crew that the pilot of another Evergreen aircraft reported severe turbulence at 2,500 feet while climbing out from runway 6R. After takeoff, at an altitude of about 2,000 feet, the airplane experienced an uncommanded left bank of approximately fifty degrees. Although the desired air speed was 183 knots, the air speed fluctuated from a high of 245 knots to a low of 170 knots. Shortly thereafter the flight crew reported the number two throttle slammed to its aft stop, the number two thrust reverse indication showed thrust reverser deployment, and the number two engine electrical bus failed. Several witnesses on the ground reported that the airplane experienced several severe pitch and roll oscillations before the engine separated. Shortly after the engine separated from the airplane, the flight crew declared an emergency, and the captain initiated a large radius turn to the left to return and land on runway 6R. The number one engine was maintained at maximum power. While on the downwind portion of the landing pattern bank angles momentarily exceeded forty degrees alternating with wings level. About twenty minutes after takeoff flight 46E advised the tower they were on the runway. The aircraft was substantially damaged as a result of the separation of the number two engine. Estimated repair costs exceeded twelve million dollars. In addition, several private dwellings, automobiles, and landscaping were damaged by the impact of the number two engine and various parts of the engine pylon and the wing leading edge devices. The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) determined the probable cause of this accident was the lateral separation of the number two engine pylon due to an encounter with severe or possibly extreme turbulence. This resulted in dynamic lateral loadings coming from many directions that exceeded the lateral load-carrying capability of the pylon. It was later discovered that the load-carrying capability of the pylon was already reduced by the presence of the fatigue crack near the forward end of the pylon's forward firewall web. As a result of this investigation the NTSB made seven recommendations to the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), including the inspection of Boeing 747 engine pylons, the potential meteorological hazards to aircraft, an increase in the lateral load capability of engine pylon structures, and the modification of the aircraft departure routes at Anchorage International Airport during periods of moderate or severe turbulence. The NTSB also recommended that the National Weather Service (NWS) use the WSR-88D Doppler weather radar system to document mountain-generated wind fields in the Anchorage area and to develop detailed low altitude turbulence forecasts. In the course of the investigation the NTSB explored virtually every contributing factor contributing to the aircraft accident. These included weather, mechanical failure, design deficiencies, and human factors. The flight crew was properly trained and qualified for this fight. None of the crew members' Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) records contained any history of accidents, incidents, or violations. The flight crew and the mechanics who had worked on the airplane before the flight volunteered to be tested for the presence of alcohol and both lawful and illegal drugs. All of the test results were negative. The investigation revealed that the flight crew was in good health. The airplane, registration N473EV, was a Boeing model

Obama and US-Israel Relations Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Obama and US-Israel Relations - Article Example In fact, there has come the time when the sovereign state of Israel will be accountable for its actions and the continued pressure from the US for the peace-keeping process in the region will receive more momentum. The significance of Obama is that he has set the right passage for the state of Israel to join the community of peace seeking nations and to recognize its responsibility for the long-standing stalemate in this region. Significantly, this state has been responsible for political and social stalemate in the region and only the regressive reactionary forces of fundamentalism have gained and continue to gain from this state of affairs. Thus, there has come the time for Israel to come of age in this respect and the U.S role is critical. From the radical and critical standpoint of the several critics of Israeli policies it is essential for America to be firm about more than freezing settlements on freshly-grabbed land. For them, Obama has the better chance of doing something mea ningful in the region than any president since Israel's founding. "No wonder, then, that the Obama administration is already reverting to the old pre-Bush assumptions that have repeatedly been discredited in practice: that Israeli "intransigence" is the main obstacle to ending the conflict with the Palestinians; that "restarting" the "peace process" therefore requires putting the onus back on Israel; and that this in turn necessitates forcing Israel back to the 1967 borders." (Podhoretz) Therefore, it time for Israel to stop finding fault with the other side with charges of anti-Semitism and it is for the US to ensure that the peace-process in the region is not affected. The election of Barack Obama to US Presidency has a major impact on the peace process in the Middle East and it is the best thing to happen to the State of Israel since its founding. Whereas it is obvious that the role of the US president Barack Obama in brining the State of Israel back to the global peace process is generally accepted, there are critics who do not believe in this phenomenon of peace-keeping. Ben-Dror Yemini, who has been a fierce critic of the view that Obama can bring about any progress in the matter of Israel and according to him the West remains indifferent to the situation. "And where are the world's leaders Where is the wondrous rhetorical ability of Barack Obama Where has his sublime vocabulary gone Where is the desire that is supposed to be built into all American presidents, to defend and act on behalf of freedom seekers around the globe What is this stammering" (Caspit and Yemini) Yemini, along with Caspit, has been too critical about the abilities of Obama in bringing about peace in the region by forcing Israel to move in the path of peace process. However, it is obvious that the critical arguments made by Yemini do not give an exact explanation of the context of U.S Israel relations under Obama. According to him, "The voices being heard from Obama elicit concern that we are actually dealing with a new version of Chamberlain. Being conciliatory is a positive trait, particularly when it follows the clumsy bellicosity of George Bush, but when conciliation becomes blindness, we have a problem." (Caspit and Yemini) The Ma'ariv correspondents Ben Caspit and Ben-Dror Yemini harshly criticize the limited role of Barack Obama in responding to the needs of the region, especially in checking the

Business and management research project, focusing on CSR and its Essay

Business and management research project, focusing on CSR and its relevant themes. Develop an appropriate and feasible research - Essay Example Thus, they are instruments to sharing news of this positive happening to the society acting as mediators that channel information from the company to their main audience. Indubitably, media companies have an edge in information dissemination because that is their business, but this strength may become their weakness as they become exposed to controversies that predominantly affect their integrity and reputation. Although several studies about CSR are now in existence, there are only a few that focus on the media and entertainment industry, in particular, the media companies. Thus, a study on this matter is proposed to uncover the reality that is taking place in this industry. The objectives of the study are given as follows. To investigate the relationship between CSR, business reputation, and profit To examine CSR in the context of UK media companies To assess the impact of CSR to the reputation and profitability of media companies To determine whether media companies are socially r esponsible and on how their being socially responsible helped in enhancing their reputation and profitability The proposed research targets to contribute factual and reliable information in regard to the issue on CSR that may as well become a reference for future CSR studies. In addition, it seeks to increase society’s knowledge about CSR by means of utilising media companies as the focus of the study. 2. Literature Review Since the 90s up to present, the concept of corporate social responsibility (CSR) has been receiving overwhelming attention from academic researchers (Crane, et al., 2008, p.3). The arguments in performing CSR research are often in connection with the business itself as a part of society that is obliged to contribute something for it to progress (Crane, et al., 2008, p.3). There is a never-ending issue concerning the responsibility of businesses to the society apart from earning a profit for its owners and shareholders (Benn & Bolton, 2011, p.ix). In the en d, the point at issue is the benefit that a business will reap out of doing well (Benn & Bolton, 2011, p.ix). This concern again raises another issue in respect to how CSR is used for profit maximisation instead of using it as a tool to recognising the business’ societal, moral obligations (Benn & Bolton, 2011, p.ix). The real motive of a business into incorporating CSR initiatives is, therefore, altercated by the academes and business practitioners (Benn & Bolton, 2011, p.ix). The concept of CSR has gone a long way of acceptance and rejection prior to becoming a fundamental area of concern for business practitioners (Crane, et al., 2008, p.3). Studies have been conducted through the years, which have attempted to explain CSR in the context of different types of business. In the study of Knox and Maklan (2006), the increasing impact of CSR to leading multinational firms was examined. Knox and Maklan (2006, p. 4) argue that the notion of a business being socially responsible i s already acknowledged by a majority of people. Still, they believe that the problem lies in the fact that no systematic framework is there to guide firms in understanding the connection between business investments and on how this can be used to perform social responsibilities (Knox & Maklan, 2006, p.34). Knox and Maklan (2006) have contended that different companies must apply a varying approach to CSR that is standard to their business type in